Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Melodinus axillaris W.T.Wang exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMelodinus axillaris W.T.Wang has been widely used as an important medicine in China. In the folk of China, its whole plant has been used for fractures, rheumatic heart disease, testitis, hernia, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia, etc. Despite its extensive use, there is a shortage of literature investigating the specific bioactive compounds and underlying mechanisms responsible for their anti-inflammatory effects. This knowledge gap serves as the primary impetus for conducting this study, which aims to shed light on the previously unexplored therapeutic potential of M. axillaris. Aim of the studyThis study aims to investigate the material basis and potential mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of M. axillaris. Materials and methodsCompounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of M. axillaris using a systematic phytochemical method. The structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD calculation, and DP4+ analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and compounds from M. axillaris were tested by an inflammation model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Western blot analysis was employed to evaluate the expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB signaling pathways, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. ResultsEleven undescribed monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), axillines A−K (1–11), along with thirteen known analogs were isolated from M. axillaris. Compound 1 was the first representative of vincadine alkaloid with unprecedented 6/5/9/6/6 skeletons. Compounds 1–11 and ethanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Among them, compound 2 had the best activity of inhibiting NO release (IC50 = 3.7 ± 0.9 μM). Additionally, subsequent Western blot analysis revealed that 2 could significantly inhibit the up-regulation of NF-κB signaling pathways, iNOS, and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, thereby demonstrating its anti-inflammatory activity. ConclusionThis study provides support for the traditional use of M. axillaris in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties and highlights the potential of MIAs as promising candidates for further development as anti-inflammatory drugs.

Assessment of Anti-Microbial Efficacy against Oral Pathogens, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-oxidant Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Erythrina variegata (Indian Coral Tree) Leaves – An In-vitro Study

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the anti-microbial efficacy against oral pathogens, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata. Materials and Methods: Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans at 25µL, 50µL, and 100µL by measuring the zone of inhibition. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) assay and anti –oxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. Results: Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were found to be less sensitive to both, aqueous and ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegate. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegata was higher than the aqueous extract at lower concentrations. Anti-oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata was higher than the ethanolic extract and standard values at all concentrations. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that both, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Erythrina variegata leaves have the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity and can be used as an alternative to commercially available drugs. However, further research needs to be done on the antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens of the plant.

In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Sargassum confusum.

This study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Sargassum confusum (SCEE). LPS is recognized by TLR4 on the macrophage surface, which activates the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, increasing the expression of inflammatory cytokine like interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The anti-inflammatory effect of SCEE (0, 1, 10, 50μg/mL) was identified using LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As a result, it was confirmed that inflammatory factors were suppressed by inhibiting expression of COX-2 and iNOS without any cytotoxicity. In addition, phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and NF-κB p65, transcription factors, were inhibited by SCEE does-dependent manner. These results suggest that SCEE has an anti-inflammatory effect and can be used as a material for health functional foods to prevent inflammatory diseases.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Derris brevipes (benth.) Baker leaves

Background: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Derris brevipes (benth.) Baker is widely used as an anti-arthritic agent in traditional medicine. Aims and Objectives: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of D. brevipes (EEDB) leaves, a member of the Leguminosae family in vitro and ex vivo. Materials and Methods: The EEDB leaves of was screened for anti-inflammatory activities by protein denaturation analysis and proteinase inhibition analysis. Prednisolone was used as the standard. EEDB (at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) was administered through the oral route. Ex vivo analysis was performed by estimating the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in collagen (chicken sternal collagen)-induced arthritis (CIA) in Sprague–Dawley rats using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison tests. Results: Prednisolone (100 mcg/mL) and EEDB (600 mcg/mL) showed percentage inhibition of 80.32% and 80.04%, respectively, in protein denaturation assay. Similarly, prednisolone (600 mcg/mL) and EEDB (600 mcg/mL) showed 66.03% and 56.69% inhibition in the proteinase activity. Synovial tissue TNF-α levels showed a significant decrease in EEDB-treated groups and prednisolone-treated group compared to CIA control rats. Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that the D. brevipes leaf extract possesses anti-inflammatory activity, which explains its beneficial role in rheumatoid arthritis.

Exploring in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the Thai traditional remedy Kheaw-Hom and its bioactive compound, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, and ethnopharmacological analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceKheaw-Hom (KH) remedy, a Thai traditional medicine (TTM) on the National List of Essential Medicines, has long been clinically used to treat fever and inflammation in children. However, no in vitro or in vivo anti-inflammatory or bioactive compound studies are published in the literature. Aims of the studyTo explore the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of KH remedy and its bioactive compound and analyze relationships between flavor and ethnopharmacological activities of plant components in KH remedy according to TTM theory. Materials and methodsEthyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), a bioactive compound of KH remedy was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract (KHE), aqueous extract (KHA), acid-hydrolysis of KHA (KHA-h), acid-hydrolysis of KH powder (KHP-h), and EPMC were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of KH powder (KHP) and KHE were determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema in rats and PGE2 production in tissue samples was examined. ResultsKHP-h showed the highest EPMC content (21.33 ± 1.08 mg/g of extract) and inhibited PGE2, NO, and TNF-α production with IC50 values of 11.92 ± 0.21, 30.61 ± 3.12, and 56.71 ± 2.91 μg/mL, respectively, followed by KHE and KHA-h while KHA did not. EPMC, a bioactive compound of KH remedy showed high anti-inflammatory activities through three pathways. KHP oral administration (100 mg/kg) significantly minimized rat paw inflammation at 1, 2, and 3 h while KHE (100 mg/kg) noticeably reduced at 2 and 3 h. KHP (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and KHE (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited PGE2 production. KHP (1% w/v) notably reduced rat ear edema at 30, 60, and 120 min whereas KHE at all concentrations decreased swelling at 120 min. KHP and KHE at all doses significantly inhibited PGE2 production. Cool flavor was the main KH remedy flavor. Spicy plant components and some fragrant components showed high anti-inflammatory activity. ConclusionsResults from the in vivo study strongly paralleled the in vitro study. These findings support the rational use of KH remedy according to TTM theory for fever treatment and inflammation in children.

Comparative study of the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the seed coat vs. seed kernel extracts from the plant Mangifera indica L. in inflammatory acne treatment

Introduction: The present study was developed to investigate and compare the extraction yield, the contents of polyphenols and mangiferin, the activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacteria, and the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of mango seed kernels vs. seed coats. Methods: Mango seed kernels and seed coats were extracted using ethanol as the solvent and tested against microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of extracts were determined by the agar dilution method. The anti-inflammatory activities were assessed both in vitro and in vivo by albumin denaturation method and carrageenan-induced paw edema test, respectively. Results: Both extracts yielded high contents of mangiferin and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activities of both extracts showed inhibition of the tested microorganisms Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli. Seed kernel extract (0.2 g/kg) reduced paw edema by 44.8% at 3 hours after λ-carrageenan administration. Meanwhile, 0.5 g/kg seed coat extract reduced paw edema less than the seed kernel extract (23.1% vs. 44.8%). Mango seed kernel extract, mango seed coat extract, and diclofenac sodium displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with IC50 values of 137.23 μg/mL, 292.12 μg/mL, and 6.64 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of mango seed kernel and seed coat extracts. The mango seed kernel extract was proven to be more effective than the mango seed coat extract and thus can be used in cosmetics as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent.

The change of anti-inflammatory activity in Cinnamomum camphora seed extracts undergo simulated gastrointestinal digestion and alkaline hydrolysis

There were no reports on the anti-inflammatory effect of the seed of C. camphora (CCS) and the changes in the process of processing and consumption. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of CCS ethanol extracts (EE), and the changes of it after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and alkaline hydrolysis in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory macrophages model in vitro. The phytochemical characteristics of EE, digested ethanol extracts (dEE) and hydrolysed ethanol extracts (hEE) were analyzed using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS in this study, and 17 chemicals were tentatively identified from the three prepared samples. EE, dEE and hEE may have cell protection function, and both of them exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity as significantly reduced multiple pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines secretion and expression. Although the anti-inflammatory activity of EE was decreased by digestion and hydrolysis, and hydrolysis had more negative effect than digestion, most of its anti-inflammatory activity was retained. The mitigation of inflammation of EE may be by suppressing phosphorylation levels of signaling molecules of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of EE is relatively stable undergo gastrointestinal digestion and alkaline hydrolysis, which may facilitate the processing and consumption of related products.

Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg leaf in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Context: The flavonoid and phenolic compounds found in Artocarpus altilis have made their popularity. This plant has been used as a traditional medicine in Indonesia for various diseases. Aims: To evaluate the toxic concentration of the A. altilis extract and to investigate the capacity of the extract to inhibit inflammation against the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, which has been induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: The MTT assay was used to determine the level of toxicity shown by the extract. The qRT-PCR method was used to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the sample by comparing the relative expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells to those of dexamethasone, which served as the control. Results: The results of the test for toxicity indicated that the extract is safe. In RAW 264.7 cells that had been stimulated with LPS, we observed that the addition of A. altilis leaf extract drastically reduced the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA while simultaneously increasing the production of IL-10. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of A. altilis leaf was nontoxic and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-inflammatory activities of Caesalpinia mimosoides.

Oxidative stress, glycation and inflammation are the main causes of many severe diseases. To date, no single extract has been shown to simultaneously inhibit these three reactions. In this study, the antioxidant, antiglycation and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts from four edible plants that are commonly used as Thai folk medicine were compared. Among these extracts, Caesalpinia mimosoides extract (CME) showed the highest antioxidant potential with Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) of 5.9 ± 0.1 mM/mg followed closely by Zingiber officinale extract (ZOE) with a TEAC value of 5.4 ± 0.2 mM/mg. However, CME showed no cytotoxicity, whereas ZOE greater than 60 μg/mL showed cytotoxicity to normal human cells. Antiglycation assay using bovine serum albumin-ribose showed comparable potency between CME and Spondias dulcis extract (SDE). However, CME exhibited a high anti-inflammatory activity, significantly higher than SDE and activity depending on the dose. At a concentration of 60 μg/mL, approximately 85% of the interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine produced from human monocytes, induced by lipopolysaccharides, was completely inhibited by CME whereas SDE showed no inhibition. In summary, CME is the most potential extract with simultaneously activity of these three reactions. CME has the highest total phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalent to 301 ± 8 mg/g. Identification using high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of at least four phenolic compounds, gallic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ellagic acid are existed in CME. Our finding suggests that CME is a promising natural source for inhibition of oxidative stress, glycation, and inflammation.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties of leaves of Ocimum basilicum L.

In India, a wide variety of medicinal plants are reported and utilized by people for the treatment of various diseases for a long time. The present study deals with quantitative analysis of phytochemicals like total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids as well as in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The values of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were found to be 5.02±0.06 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, 7.80±0.05 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, and 6.00±0.06 µg quercetin equivalent/mg alcoholic extract respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was observed at 60 µg/ml and maximum inhibition was recorded at 55.12%. The IC50 value of plant extract was found to be 24.81 µg/ml. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The hypo tonicity-induced HRBC were exposed to different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and HRBC membrane lysis and membrane stabilization percentages were calculated against diclofenac sodium. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant HRBC membrane stabilization compared to diclofenac sodium; 98±0.57% membrane stabilization was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/ml.

In vitro Antiinflammatory activity of Tamilnadia uliginosa Fruit extract

Inflammation is part of the body's immune response. There can be four primary indicators of inflammation like pain, redness, heat or warmness and swelling. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide range of phytochemicals as secondary metabolites which shows anti-inflammatory activity. Inflammation is currently treated by NSAIDs. Unfortunately these drugs cause increased risk of blood clot resulting in heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, the developments of potent anti-inflammatory drugs from the natural products are now under considerations. A natural product of medicinal plants plays a major role to cure many diseases associated with inflammation. The conventional anti-inflammatory drug available in the market produces various side-effects. Due to these side-effects, there is need for the search of newer drugs with less or no side-effects. The present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Tamilnadia uliginosa fruit. Finally the study was concluded that the extract showed anti-inflammatory activities.

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Ipomoea Quamoclit in Albino Wistar Rats

Background: Medicinal plants have been shown to contain intrinsic active ingredients that can be used for curative purpose for some diseases. Ipomoea quamoclit is one of such ethnomedicinal plants of reported health benefits. Aim of Study: This study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves of Ipomoea quamoclit Mill. Materials and Methods: Ipomoea quamoclit leaves were harvested and extracted with 80% ethanol by cold maceration for 48 hours and the crude extract was fractionated to obtain n-hexane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. The crude extract and its fractions were screened to unveil the resident phytochemical constituents. The ethanol extract was tested for acute toxicity (LD50). The systemic acute inflammation of the crude extract and fractions of Ipomoea quamoclit was studied using the water (fluid) displacement method after inducing inflammation with egg albumin, using rats. The effect of the crude extract and fractions of Ipomoea quamoclit on arthritis was studied using the formaldehyde-induced arthritis model in rats. Results: The results of the qualitative phytochemical evaluation of the plant confirmed the presence of these phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, and coumarins. There were no deaths recorded for acute toxicity study for both phases of the test. In the acute anti-inflammation assay, significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activities were observed from the 5th hour for the ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) and the butanol fraction (400 mg/kg). The anti-arthritic activity of the crude extract (150 mg/kg), ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg), n-hexane fraction (150 mg/kg) and butanol fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) was obvious from the second day after administration. By the 10th day the crude extract (50, 150, and 400 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) brought about a significant reduction of chronic inflammation (arthritis) in the test animals to normal basal levels. Conclusions: This study thus provides scientific information and validates the ethnobotanical use of Ipomoea quamoclit leaves in management of diseases and inflammation inclusive. The findings of this study also reveal that potentially Ipomoea quamoclit could be a source of pharmacologically active compounds of pharmaceutical importance.

Identification of possible bioactive compounds and a comparative study on in vitro biological properties of whole hemp seed and stem

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a crop with potential applications in the food industry. Hemp seed is the most promising functional food item from hemp plant, which displays a number of applications in foods. However, there is a limited knowledge regarding its health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the metabolite profile and in vitro biological activities of ethanol extracts of ‘Cheongsam’ hemp seed and stem. In vitro antioxidant capacity (measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of hemp seed and stem were evaluated. Hemp seed extract exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-inflammation capacities than hemp stem (61.20% versus 38.73%). Similarly, the lipase inhibitory activity (83.70% versus 70.19%) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (76.14% versus 61.61%) were significantly higher in the seed than in the stem extract. Moreover, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts revealed that total phenolic, condensed tannin, and saponin contents were significantly higher in hemp seed than in hemp stem. Quercetin (42.50 μg/g), apigenin (15.55 μg/g), and rutin (5.22 μg/g) were considered the major polyphenolic compounds in hemp seed, whereas ferulic acid (1.71 μg/g), caffeic acid (0.25 μg/g), and p-coumaric acid (2.85 μg/g) were the minor polyphenols in the seed extract. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that ‘Cheongsam’ hemp seed is rich in beneficial bioactive compounds and also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic activities, which could make it applicable as a suitable raw material in the food industry.

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of edible flower from Chimonanthus praecox.

Chimonanthi Praecocis Flos, namely wintersweet flower, is the edible flower or flower bud of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link which is a deciduous shrub plant originated from China and is widely cultivated as a garden or ornamental plant all over the world. However, few studies focused on its anti-inflammatory property. In the present study, we explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of ethanol extract of Chimonanthi Praecocis Flos (CPE) which contained 7.980% ± 0.176% total flavonoids and 1.461% ± 0.041% total alkaloids. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, CPE significantly decreased the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through reducing the expressions of their synthases—inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It also suppressed the transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Further research revealed that CPE impeded the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, thus restraining the nuclear translocation of p65, and consequently dampening NF-κB signaling. In endotoxemia mice, several pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum were also decreased after CPE treatment. Besides anti-inflammatory activity, anti-oxidative activity is another important capacity of wintersweet flower. Indeed, CPE reduced LPS-elevated intracellular total reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by weakening NADPH oxidase activity in cell system. Moreover, it directly scavenged DPPH radical and superoxide anion, and exerted ferric reducing ability in cell-free system. Our findings demonstrate that wintersweet flower can be used as a beneficial natural product or an additive by virtue of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

Evaluation of phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of mangrove associate plant Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst and G. Forst (Lythraceae)

The study investigated the phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Pemphis acidula. The phytochemical screening of methanol and ethanol extracts of Pemphis acidula revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides and xanthoproteins. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Pemphis acidula was evaluated using five in vitro based assays. Protein denaturation, proteinase inhibition, heat induced haemolysis, hypotonicity induced haemolysis and lipoxygenase inhibition at different concentration (100-1000 mg/ml). Aspirin, diclofenac sodium and indomethacin were used as standard drugs. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the ethanol extract of Pemphis acidula can be a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF KEBIUL (Caesalpinia bonduc L.) SEED COAT AGAINST INHIBITION OF PROTEIN DENATURATION

Inflammation is a normal protective reaction against tissue damage caused by physical injury, harmful chemicals, and protein denaturation. Protein denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their tertiary structure and secondary structure due to foreign substances, external compounds, such as strong acids, strong bases, organic salts, organic solvents, and heating. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the seed coat of Kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc L.) by calculating the IC50 value of protein denaturation in the sample. The results of the phytochemical test of the ethanol extract of Kebiul seeds contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins, while the ethyl acetate fraction only contained tannins and alkaloids. The results of the anti-inflammatory test showed that the highest percent inhibition value of sodium diclofenac, ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively, at a concentration of 20 ppm was 84.8%; 84.1%; and 50%. The IC50 values ​​of sodium diclofenac, ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate fraction were 5.4 μg/mL; 9.9 μg/mL; and 13.3 μg/mL, respectively. The three samples had percent inhibition values exceeding 20% which indicated that all three can be used as an anti-inflammatory.   Keywords: anti-inflammatory, protein denaturation, Caesalpinia bonduc L.

In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Extract and Fraction Seed Coat Kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc L.)

Inflammation is the protective reaction of body and supporting element of tissues to injurious stimuli, such as physical injury, tissue and cell damage by pathogens, and protein denaturation. This study aims to compare the antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract, ethanol fraction, and n-hexane fraction from kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc L.) seed coat. Antiinflammatory activity was tested by measuring the % inhibition of the denatured protein using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. From the result of the study obtained IC50 value 2,10 μg/mL, 7,89 μg/mL, 4,04 μg/mL & 11,03 μg/mL.
  
  
  

SCREENING FOR ANALGESIC AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA BURM LEAVES

Ethanol extract of the leaves of Justicia gendarussa Burm was subjected to analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models. Albino Wistar rats and mice were the experimental animals respectively. Different CNS depressant paradigms like analgesic (determined via Eddy's hot plate approach and acetic acid writhing approach) and antiinflammatory activity (determined via carrageenan induced paw edema using plethysmometer in albino rats) were carried out, following the intra-peritoneal administration of ethanol extract of formulation Justicia gendarussa Burm leaves (EEJG) at the dose level of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of EEJG showed significant results (P andlt. The maximum analgesic activity was observed at 120 min at the dose of 500mg/kg (i.p.) and analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity was compared with standard drug Diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg). Ethanol extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm leaves has shown significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the dose of 500mg/kg and was comparable with corresponding standard drugs. The activity was attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents in the tested extract.

"An Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cynodon Dactylon on Stressed Rodent Model"

"An Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cynodon Dactylon on Stressed Rodent Model"

Evaluation of Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus hirtus Linn. Leaves

The current investigation is started to find the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the sub shrub Hibiscus hirtus L. The leaves of this conventional shrub were found to possess' different activities which incorporate antibacterial and hostile to helminthic effects. Thus we made an endeavor to perform extraction utilizing ethanol as solvent and soxhlation as a strategy for extraction. The leaves were priorly researched for their pharmacognostic, phytochemical and physical parameters. The antibacterial action of the ethanolic leaf extract was conveyed at various concentrations on strains of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, for example, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherechia coli individually by utilizing cup and plate technique. The outcomes were outfitted as the zone of inbition acquired around every grouping of the concentrate and were compared with those of standard antibiotic utilized in the analysis, amoxycillin. Anti-inflammatory activity of Hibiscus hirtus L was studied and compared with standard drug, ibuprofen. Ethanollic concentrate of leaves (2.5-15 mg/ml) and ibuprofen (2.5-15 mg/ml) were utilized to measure the paw edema by plethysmometer and compared with control groups. Hibiscus hirtus L showed critical decrease of paw edema in the chosen model of inflammation for example formalin prompted chronic model of inflammation. Ethanollic concentrate of the plant leaves showed anti- microbial and anti-inflammatory impacts.